0704-883-0675     |      dataprojectng@gmail.com

STUDIES ON THE ANTIVENOM ACTIVITIES OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF PAULLINIA PINNATA AND DETARIUM MICROCARPUM AGAINST ECHIS CARINATUS (CARPET VIPER) VENOM

  • Project Research
  • 1-5 Chapters
  • Abstract : Available
  • Table of Content: Available
  • Reference Style: APA
  • Recommended for : Student Researchers
  • NGN 3000

ABSTRACT

In rural savannah areas of Nigeria, Echics ocellatus (Carpet viper) is responsible for high incidence of snakebite morbidity and mortality. The snakebites are commonly treated with plant extracts in form of traditional medicine. The antivenom activity of Paullinia pinnata Linn and Detarium microcarpum Guill and Perr, popular herbs used in the treatment of Echis ocellatus bites are of great interest and were investigated in vivo and in vitro against the venom (2mg/kg) of Echis carniatus. The extracts were prepared by cold and hot extraction in water. The LD50 and minimum lethal dose (MLD) of the venom were first determined in mice to be 1.5mg/kg and 2mg/kg, respectively. The acute toxicity (LD50) testing of the extracts indicated LD50 to be 600 mg/kg (i.p) and 1200 mg/kg (p.o) for Paullinia pinnata, while 800 mg/kg (i.p) and 1400 mg/kg (p.o) for Detarium microcarpum. The extract of Detarium microcarpum (600mg/kg) reduced mortality significantly (p < 0.05) in mice, whereas the extract of Paullinia pinnata (400mg/kg) presented a weak antivenom activity. The effective dose (ED50) of the extracts was estimated as 300mg/kg (i.p) and above 400mg/kg (p.o) for Paullinia pinnata and 50mg/kg (i.p) and 200mg/kg (p.o) for Detarium microcarpum in venom pretreated mice. In animals treated with 60min pre-incubated mixtures of extracts/venom, ED50 of 100mg/kg and less than 50mg/kg was established for Paullinia pinnata and Detarium microcarpum, respectively. The ED50 of Paullinia pinnata in extract pretreated mice was more than 400mg/kg (i.p) and 400mg/kg (i.p), while Detarium microcarpum indicated 100mg/kg (i.p) and 400mg/kg (p.o) as ED50. The extracts of Paullinia pinnata and Detarium microcarpum inhibited all test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis) at various concentrations, with the extract of Paullinia pinnata found more active having lower MIC and MBC, and broader spectrum of activity. It also significantly (p <0.05) restored blood clotting time and bleeding time in rats. The same extract reversed the venom-induced increase in capillary permeability in rabbits. The extract also restored the venom-induced abnormal WBC, PCV, and platelet values to normal. The extract of Detarium microcarpum, however, produced significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions in mice, yeastinduced rectal temperature in mice, and albumin-induced inflammation in rats. The extracts of Paullinia pinnata produced an anti-histamine activity on guinea pig ileum, relaxation of the rabbit jejunum, and an increase in contraction of rat phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm, while the extract of Detarium microcarpum caused relaxation on rabbit jejunum and increase in contraction on rat phrenic nerve hemi-diaphragm muscle. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts indicates the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, steroids and tannins in Paullinia pinnata root bark, while Detarium microcarpum leaf contains anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. The trace metal analysis of the extracts also indicates the presence of Zn, Ca and Fe in Detarium microcarpum, while Paullinia pinnata contains Zn, Ca, Fe and Pb. These results therefore suggest that Paullinia pinnata root bark and Detarium microcarpum leaves contain biologically active principles, which have potentials for the treatment of carpet viper bite poisoning. Since the extracts could protect animals from death and other deleterious effects of the venom, the study has supported the use of the medicinal plants by traditional healers in the treatment of snakebite.





Related Project Materials

AUDITING AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS

ABSTRACT

Auditing is continually changing and developing to meet the needs of the business environment it serves. The r...

Read more
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF SIMULATION GAME AND DRAMATIZATION STRATEGIES ON PUPILS‟ PERFORMANCE IN CIVIC EDUCATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The study examined the Effects of Simulation Game and Dramatization Strategies on Pupils‟ Performance in Civic Education in Prim...

Read more
INFORMATION SOURCES AND SERVICES PROVISION FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN NORTHERN STATES OF NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the Information Sources and Services Provision for Conflict Resolution in Northern States of Nigeria. A...

Read more
THE IMPACT OF TEAMWORK AND COLLABORATION ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

Abstract: THE IMPACT OF TEAMWORK AND COLLABORATION ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

Objective:...

Read more
EXAMINATION AND CONTROLLING OF DAMPNESS IN EXISTING BUILDING IN NIGERIA

Background to the Study

When a structure is delivered to the client's satisfaction, it is recognized as being of a h...

Read more
Lexicogrammatical Analysis of News Reporting of 2015 General Elections in some Nigerian Newspapers

Abstract

This study investigates the news reporting of 2015 General Elections in some Nigerian newspapers using the lexico-grammatical an...

Read more
IMPACT OF CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON ADULT EDUCATORS

Abstract: The impact of continuing professional development (CPD) on adult educators was investigated to understand how ongoing training influ...

Read more
AN EVALUATION OF DECORATED TRADITIONAL CLOTH USED IN TIV CULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

EXCERPT FROM THE STUDY

  1. the educational value of the decorated Tiv traditional cloth ...

    Read more
    INCORRECT PUNCTUATION, AS A CAUSE OF AMBIGUITY ANDMISUNDERSTANDING IN WRITTEN COMMUNCATION

    INTRODUCTION

    Punctuation is one of the major aspects that contribute to meaning of any written discourse. This implies t...

    Read more
    PROPAGANDA IN POLITICS THE USE OF LANGUAGE FOR EFFECT IN ELECTIONEERING CAMPAIGN ( A case study of 2015 General election)

    Abstract 

    The words perform actions. Language and, in fact, words have different functions and, according to J.L A...

    Read more
    Share this page with your friends




whatsapp